2-Types of Sources

2. Quantitative or Qualitative

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Data can be quantitative or qualitative.

One of the most obvious ways to categorize data is by whether it is quantitative or qualitative. Some sources contain either quantitative information or qualitative information, but sources often contain both.

Many people first think of data as something like what’s in a table or spreadsheet of numbers and words. But data can be conveyed in more ways than textually or numerically.

Quantitative Data – Involves a measurable quantity. Often, numbers are used, but sometimes other information is used instead. Some examples are length, mass, temperature, and time.

Qualitative Data – Involves a descriptive judgment using concept words instead of numbers. Gender, country name, animal species, and emotional state are examples of qualitative information.

Take a quick look at the Example table below. Another way we could display the table’s numerical information is in a graphic format —listing the students’ ages or GPAs on a bar chart, for instance, rather than in a list of numbers. Or, all the information in the table could be displayed instead as a video of each student giving those details about themselves.

Example: Data Table with Quantitative and Qualitative Data

A data table listing students, including first and last name, age, class rank, major, gender, grade point average, and photo.
This table illustrates that information can include a range of formats, including pictures.

Increasingly, other formats (such as images, sound, and video) may be is used as data or used to convey data. Some examples:

  • A video of someone watching scenes from horror movies, with information about their heart rate and blood pressure embedded in the video. Instead of getting a description of the person’s reactions to the scenes, you can see their reactions.
  • A database of information about birds, which includes a sound file for each bird singing. Would you prefer a verbal description of a bird’s song or an audio clip?
  • A list of colors, which include an image of the actual color. Such a list is extremely helpful, especially when there are A LOT of color names.
  • A friend orally tells you that a new pizza place is 3 blocks away, charges $2 a slice, and that the pizza is delicious. This may never be recorded, but it may be very valuable information if you’re hungry!
  • A map of Ohio with counties shaded different intensities of red according to the median household income of inhabitants.

Activity: Quantitative vs. Qualitative

What quantitative and qualitative data components might you use to describe yourself? See the bottom of the page for some possible answers.

 

Activity: Multiple Data Displays

Take a look at the Wikipedia article about UN Secretaries-General. Scroll down and view the table of people who served as Secretary-General. In what ways is information conveyed in ways other than text or numbers? See the bottom of the page for answers.

 

Answer to Activity: Quantitative vs. Qualitative

The answer to the “Quantitative vs. Qualitative” Activity above is:

Quantitative: age, weight, GPA, income
Qualitative: race, gender, class (freshman, sophomore, etc.), major

Are there others?

 

Answer to Activity: Multiple Data Displays

The answer to the “Multiple Data Displays” Activity above is:

  • A photo of each secretary general
  • The flag of their country of origin
  • A world map with their country of origin shaded

Are there others?

 

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Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research Copyright © 2015 by Teaching & Learning, Ohio State University Libraries is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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